The ethnobiological knowledge of tribal communities in Odisha embodies a profound understanding of nature's pharmacopoeia, reflecting centuries of experiential wisdom rooted in the Indian Knowledge System (IKS). This study explores the indigenous medicinal plant use among major tribal groups of Odisha—such as the Kondh, Santal, Saora, and Juang—highlighting their traditional health practices, cultural beliefs, and ecological stewardship. These communities possess intricate knowledge of plant taxonomy, habitat ecology, and therapeutic formulations, passed orally through generations.

Medicinal flora such as Rauvolfia serpentina, Terminalia chebula, Withania somnifera, and Curcuma longa are extensively used to treat ailments ranging from fever, wounds, and digestive disorders to chronic illnesses. The IKS framework provides a holistic perspective that integrates spiritual, environmental, and health dimensions, emphasizing balance and sustainability.

Documentation and validation of this ethnobiological wisdom are vital for developing bio-conservation strategies and novel drug discovery. Moreover, integrating traditional practices with contemporary pharmacological research can bridge knowledge systems and foster equitable benefit-sharing with tribal custodians. This will ensure the preservation of the indigenous intellectual heritage for the coming generations. The enhancement of the IKS in the empirical knowledge systems will make it more relevant to the present-day challenges faced by society.